BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.6

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


“LETTERING” THE OTHER EXPROSION
もう一つの爆発レタリング

これまで活字の流れを通してディスプレイタイプを説明してきたのですが、活版印刷に限らずヴィクトリア時代の欧米の文字文化全体に広げて俯瞰することでこの特集記事を締めたいと思います。というのも、文字は活字のみで存在しているわけではなく様々な用途で人々につかわれて、読まれて書かれてカタチやスタイルが作られてきています。ただ流通量や資料保存の観点から活字が残りやすく、特にデジタルフォントとして残ることで今も身近に使うことができています。しかし、過ぎ去った時代の技術や技能の中にも面白い発想が埋もれているので、最後に番外編として、ヴィクトリア時代の文字についてまとめることにしました。

We have been explaining display type through the history of type, but we would like to conclude this special feature article by expanding the scope to include not only letterpress printing but also the entire Western writing culture of the Victorian era. This is because letters do not exist only in type, but have been used for a variety of purposes, read, written, and shaped and styled by people. However, from the viewpoint of circulation and preservation of materials, it is easy to keep the printed type, especially as digital fonts, and we are able to use it familiarly even now. However, there are also interesting ideas buried in the technology and skills of a bygone era, so I have decided to summarize Victorian lettering as an extra chapter at the end of this article.

Victorian Era Design

The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom. It was the golden age of the British Empire, which led the world in economic development due to the Industrial Revolution. London’s population grew from 1 million at the beginning of the 19th century to 6.7 million by the turn of the 20th century, and by the time of World War II, it was the largest city in the world, with a population of 8 million. The influence of Victorian design can be seen in older American cities such as New York and San Francisco. The period from about 1840 to around 1920 is considered to be the period when Victorian design was prevalent. In Japan, this period coincides with the Meiji Era, and the influence of Victorian design can be seen when one thinks of the high-colored designs of the Meiji Era.The reason why this period is so important to us today is that it is the starting point for the basic objects and systems of the modern era. Especially when looking into the world of design, I believe that we can understand various things of the present time chronologically by starting from this period. As I wrote in the previous article, design in this Victorian era was very peculiar, and it was a time when there was no resistance to over-the-top decoration, so it was almost a test for flamboyance. And because it was so innocently overdone, it was thoroughly criticized by later modern design. However, looking back now, I think we can find something interesting in those pure challenges that we cannot find in the modern age.

Advertising Wagner and McGuigan (1850)

Lettering

While typography is the art of neatly arranging ready-made letters, lettering is the art of creating beautifully finished letters by hand writing. Victorian lettering is characterized by the use of excessive ornamentation , allowing them to dance freely on curved surfaces. Although some drafting tools are used, hand lettering is a much more flexible lettering style than cast type, and the free curves and angles of the baseline, not to mention the ornamentation of the lettering, are different from the grid-like expression of structurally essential type. The free curves and angles of the baseline allow for unique expressions that only hand writing can provide.

Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)
Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)
Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)
Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)
Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)
Elements of lettering and sign painting( International Correspondence Schools,1899)

Lithography

From the mid-19th century, the spread of lithography (lithographic printing) made it possible to create an illustrative style in printing that differed from woodblock and letterpress in the way that pen drawings could be used. In package design, paper labels with intricate combinations of ornamentation and lettering are still popular today as a Victorian style representative of the era. The introduction of multi-color chromolithography led to the development of color printing on cards and packages.

Paints Oils Varnishes ( F.W.Devoe Co ,1885)
Paints Oils Varnishes ( F.W.Devoe Co ,1885)
Paints Oils Varnishes ( F.W.Devoe Co ,1885)
Paints Oils Varnishes ( F.W.Devoe Co ,1885)
Paints Oils Varnishes ( F.W.Devoe Co ,1885)

Lettering and Sign Painting on the Streets

We have seen a trend toward display type, which was born out of the new purpose of “reading text carefully,” mainly books, to “eye-catching text” on the streets, mainly posters. However, printing was not the only profession that handled letters, and many street signs (billboards) were done by hand-painted craftsmen. Essentially, “eye-catching text” has its origins in the tradition of pub signs (illustrative pub hanging signs), and sign writers/sign painters have long been known to work with text for display purposes, and some of the text styles were born and passed down in these signmaking circles. Some of the lettering styles have been known to be born, passed down, and produced in these sign-making circles. It is natural to assume that the display typeface style was refined and standardized in the process of making cast type.The advent of posters brought recognition of the effectiveness of advertising, and by the mid-19th century, there was a demand for huge advertisements such as storefront signs and carriage advertisements in urban areas. The invention of inexpensive paint, as well as printing, popularized the use of paint, and by the turn of the 20th century, the city was awash in writing.

L:Street Advertising (John Thomason,1876) R:The Aldgate Pump in 1874 (1874)
476 Brodway, NewYork(unknown,1870)
The Fleet Street London (1900)

Lettering and typography used to be two different techniques, but in the digital world, the barriers have been broken down, and with the development of applications, it is now possible to use digital fonts in the same way as lettering. Here are some fonts that can create the atmosphere of the lettering of the time.

How did you like our feature this time? I decided to focus this feature on display type, which has not been taken seriously in Japanese design, and soon after I began my research, I arrived at London in the 19th century. I was intrigued to learn that what happened during that period greatly influenced our lives related to letters for the next 200 years. I have tried to view such a nodal period as the Cambrian explosion of the typographic world, and have tried to summarize the circumstances surrounding its birth. I believe that learning about Victorian design, which has been overshadowed by modernism, such as the existence of fat faces and the origins of the slab serifs and sans serifs that we still commonly use today, is an interesting contrast to modern design and a gateway to a deeper understanding of typefaces and graphic design. Thank you for reading to the end.