BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.3

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


THE THIRD OPTION IS SLABSERIF
第三の選択肢スラブセリフ

ファットフェイスが開拓したディスプレイタイプのデザインというフィールドを次に底上げしたのはスラブセリフでした。「大きい活字」「太い活字」を継承してさらに目立つ黒味の追求をセリフへと手をつけてゆくことで全く新たなジャンルを切り開いてゆきました。ローマン体がモダンになるためにダイエットしてきたあのセリフを、ファットフェイスすら拒んだセリフをこともあろうに極限まで太らせたのです。しかし、その新たな形、あらたなデザインはさまざまな可能性を切り開いてゆきました。縦横のコントラストをはじめこれまでの保守的な価値観を崩壊させ、視認性という一点で誰よりも意味のある存在に変わっていったのです。19世紀のロンドンから始まりアメリカへわたり、21世紀にいたるまで広告や雑誌、新聞、タイプライター、プログラムのコーディング用にと日常的に身近に存在し第一線で活躍するタイプフェイスのスタイルへと上り詰めた、そんなスラブセリフの旅路についてのお話です。

Slab serifs were the next step up in the field of display type design pioneered by Fat Face. By continuing with “large type” and “thick type,” Fat Face opened up a whole new genre by pursuing a more prominent black tone in the serifs. The Roman type had gone on a diet to become modern, and the serifs that even Fat Face refused to use were fattened up to the extreme. However, the new shape and design opened up a variety of possibilities.The typefaces collapsed the conservative values of the past, including vertical and horizontal contrasts, and became more meaningful than anyone else in terms of a single point: visibility.This is the story of the journey of slab serifs, which began in London in the 19th century, traveled to the United States, and then rose to become the leading typeface style in everyday life, present in advertisements, magazines, newspapers, typewriters, and for coding programs through the 21st century.


TYPE DESIGN OF SLABSERIF
スラブセリフのタイプフェイスデザイン

SLABSERIF

Slab serif is a style classification of typeface design characterized by serifs that look like thick boards, as the word SLAB means thick board. Like the fat face, it is based on the modern serif design, but it is a design that began to move in a more geometric direction by changing the balance of vertical and horizontal lines in addition to the approach of thickening the lines. By thickening the thin horizontal lines, which are characteristic of modern serifs, instead of only vertical lines, the contrast ratio between vertical and horizontal line widths is reduced to create a strong black tone. In addition, by making the counter wider, the contrast between the ground and the figure is increased, thereby enhancing legibility and readability.

Clarendon/Ionic

Originally a typeface name, Clarendon as a classificatory term refers to typefaces that have the characteristic thick vertical and horizontal line widths of slab serifs, plus thick bracket serifs that bridge the gap between Roman and slab serifs. Both Clarendon and Ionic fall within the range of slab serifs when compared to roman and sans serifs, but are often used to further distinguish slab serifs because of their bracket serif characteristics.


The Birth of Slab Serifs

Slab serifs first appeared in the 1815 Figgins catalog sample book “ANTIQUE,” which is believed to be the first design with slab serif characteristics. Although it is very likely that the typeface itself was already in use in the area of signage, such as placards and sign painting, it is believed that “ANTIQUE” was the first design in typeface history to meet the current classification requirements for slab serifs. The general theory is that the design that meets today’s slab serif classification requirements was completed in 1815.

Specimen of printing types (Vincent Figgins,1821)

Typography

Slab serifs, like fatfaces, started out as a display usage for the purpose of conveying “short words” in “large type” on poster and playbills. If we check with playbills and other materials of the time, we can see that it was used for visual contrasts other than to contrast information with the typeface type by being used mixed with the preceding fatface. In contrast to the prominent hairlines and curves of fat face, the strong blackness and linear impression of slab serifs, which are similar to monolines, give the paper a more pronounced black color and leave a solid, geometric impression that follows the modern type used today.

Surrey Theatre(1823)V&A

Slab serif variation

As with fat faces, development by thickness and decorative variations are added in abundance: italic, open, as well as shaded (shadowed and three-dimensional).

Specimen of printing types(Caslon,son & Livermore,1830)
New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)
New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)
specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)
specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)

The Birth of Clarendon . From Display to Text

A little later, several variations of Figgins’ “Antique” design appeared, including a bracket serif uppercase “Antique” design around 1833, followed in 1842 by a similar lowercase “IONIC” design by Caslon Foundry. The “Antique” design with bracket serifs for readability was introduced in 1842. The design of the typeface, with its thick lines and bracket serifs that lead to easier readability, was also developed for use in the text.The Clarendon appeared in 1845 on Thorogood’s Fann Street.With its mild boldness and bracket serifs, Clarendon was a game changer and took the market by storm. Clarendon was the first typeface design in the world to be registered, and although it was copied by other foundries soon after the three-year registration period ended, it became so popular that it became a common noun for the style. The punch cutter Robert Besley (1794-1876), who designed it, would later become the mayor of London.

Selections from the specimen book of the Fann Street Foundry(Fann Street Foundry,1874)
Selections from the specimen book of the Fann Street Foundry(Fann Street Foundry,1874)
Selections from the specimen book of the Fann Street Foundry(Fann Street Foundry,1874)

As Bold in the body text

Before the appearance of Clarendon, the emphasis of this font was mainly in italics, and there was no concept of emphasis in bold. With the advent of Clarendon, the font was mixed with the Roman font, which was welcomed for its use as the bold of today’s fonts. This led to the development of a family of fonts that later developed into sans-serifs and other fonts with the same design and thickness.


A complication of names

EGYPTIAN/ANTIQUE/IONIC/CLARENDON

At the time, each foundry had its own classified name for the design that represented slab serifs. The name EGYPTIAN was then adopted as a generic term to refer to all of them. In the 20th century, the term “slab serifs” was used for convenience as a classification of designs that were further subdivided by the characteristics of Egyptian. At that time, designs were sometimes numbered in the same family, with Figgins using the name Antique and Caslon using Antique or Ionic for those with slab serif characteristics. Slab-srif / Egyptian, which is a parallel name for Slab-srif with Egyptian, and Ionic, which has the same characteristics as Clarendon, are sometimes described in parallel, such as clarendon/ionic.More confusingly, in 1813, Caslon introduced a design with the characteristics of the current sans-serif typeface under the name Egyptian, and Figgins cataloged and sold a design with the same characteristics under the name sans-serif, which is the origin of the current sans-serif classification, The sans serif of Caslon is sometimes referred to as Caslon Egyptian, to separate it from the common noun Egyptian of the time.


The Third Option

Although it is used as a matter of course in Europe and the United States, and is an all-rounder that can be used for everything from displays to text, from formal to casual, in Japan it has a shady existence and is not well known. In fact, it is almost completely ignored. I suspect that the reason for this is that the classification of Japanese text is based on the recognition of Mincho and Gothic as the only two different styles, and European typefaces are used interchangeably with Mincho and Gothic, resulting in a binary system. People are saying that we should abandon the binary, old-fashioned ideas of left or right, male or female, and create a freer, more inclusive society, but even in the world of European typefaces, I hope that people will quickly change their binary ideas of Roman or sans serif, and enjoy their typefaces more freely. Find the right answer somewhere in the middle, and let everyone live comfortably. Such a third option may depend on “slab serifs”.Finally, some of the fonts have been revived and digitized in various forms based on the original design of the time.

  • Egizano

    Monotype’s Revived Vincent Figgins 1815 Egyptian

  • Caslon iconic no2

    Revival of Ionic in Caslon, complete from text to display.

  • FIGGINS ANTIQUE

    Revival of ANTIQUE by Vincent Figgins in 1815

  • Monotype Clarendon

    1845 Digital Revival of Clarendon designed by R. Besley