BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.4

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


LITTLE KNOWN HISTORY OF SANS SERIF
サンセリフの知られざる生い立ち

ディスプレイタイプの多くはその成り立ちからして、大衆迎合的な宿命の元にあります。つまり、愛されて、飽きられて、捨てられる。ユニークなデザインの宿命は刹那的で、まるでポップスターのように一瞬の名声とともに消費され、時代とともに忘れられてしまう普遍性とは真逆の存在として存在しています。しかし、そんななか現代まで軽やかに生き残ったのがサンセリフです。グラフィックデザインをアートスクールなんかで学ぶと、バウハウス以降の近代合理的なデザインが正史として語られています。モダンデザインがミニマリズム的な美意識を目指す過程で、さまざまな装飾性を排除してきました。いわゆる引き算の考えです。では何から引いていたのかというと、その最たるものが、装飾性が肥大化した19世紀ビクトリア期のデザインです。そのため、ヴィクトリア期のデザインは長らく嘲笑の対象となっていました。今でこそサンセリフは近代的な合理性のもとに設計され普遍的な存在として振る舞いつづけていますが、実は、そんな派手好きなヴィクトリア期の出身なんです。しかもディスプレイタイプ出身で、ノートリアスなファットフェイスの兄弟分なのです。そんな出自をもはや誰も気にかけてはいませんが、生まれた頃周りに与えていた印象は今とはだいぶんに違ったようです。「グロテスク」なんて名前で呼ばれていたわけで、まさか未来にこんなに大化けするとは誰が考えたことでしょう。しかし、他の兄弟たちと違って、生まれた時から時代に逆行した、あるものを取り去るという引き算的な性格を持って生まれてきたことで、その後に近代的合理性の考えかたに大いに愛される要因となり、現在のような決定的な地位を確立しました。そんなサンセリフの忘れられた生い立ちを少しのぞいてみましょう。

Many display types, by their very origins, are under the fate of popurism. In other words, they are loved, bored, and discarded. The fate of unique design is ephemeral, and like pop stars, they are consumed with fleeting fame and forgotten with the times, the exact opposite of universality. However, sans serifs have survived in such a carefree manner up to the present day.If you study graphic design in art school, you will learn that modern rational design after Bauhaus is the canonical history. In the process of modern design aiming for a minimalist aesthetic, various decorative elements have been eliminated. This is the so-called subtraction idea. Then, what were they subtracting from? The best example is the 19th century Victorian design, which was filled with bloated ornamentation. For this reason, Victorian design has long been the subject of ridicule. Today, sans serifs are designed with modern rationality and continue to behave as universal entities, but in fact, they come from such a flashy Victorian era. In fact, it is from that flamboyant Victorian era. Moreover, it comes from a display-type background and is the sibling of the notorious Fat Face. Although no one cares about its origins, the impression it gave people when it was born was quite different from what it is today. Who would have thought that the “grotesques,” as they were called, would turn out to be such a big deal in the future? However, unlike the other siblings, it was born with a subtractive nature that went against the times and removed certain things, which later became a much-loved factor in the modern rational way of thinking and established its decisive position as we know it today. Let’s take a little peek into the forgotten background of such sans serifs.


サンセリフの誕生

Caslon’s Egyptian.

Made in 1814 and introduced in a catalog specimen book for the first time in 1816 TWO LINES ENGLISH EGYPTIAN of Caslon IV is considered the first typeface with sans serif characteristics as a metal typeface. The first sans-serif, this Egyptian of Castlon is a delicate beauty with a Roman skeleton, and in recent years it has become known that this serifless Roman style existed before this typeface in lettering, inscriptions, and architecture, and that the origin of sans-serif before it was typed was Those who search for the origin of the sans serif before it was printed seem to believe that the most likely source is John Soane, an architect who was well-known in the field of lettering and architecture at the time.Although the Egyptian by Caslon is traced by historians and others as the origin of the sans serif, it was not launched as a new product like the Fat Face because of the way it was treated, and there is no indication that it was accepted by the market, and it was not designed for a specific client at this time. It is speculated that it may have been designed for a specific client.

specimens of printing types (William.Caslon IV ,1816 )
specimens of printing types (William.Caslon IV ,1816 )


Figgins’s Sanss-erif

Sans serif designs first came to the public eye in the form of rugged, black display faces, such as the Egyptian by Figgins, which had the serifs removed. It was not until the 1820s that the demand for display type was met and the fat face broadened the market for the new design, which Figgins introduced in 1828 under the name Sans-Serif, a slab serif-like design without serifs. Figgins then introduced a capital letter design in a range of sizes that dominated the market until 1832.

specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)
specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)
specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)


thorogood’s Grotesque

In 1834, thorogood introduced the first sans serif typeface with a set of lowercase letters as Seven line Grotesque, which became popular in England and Germany.The introduction of this style triggered a downsizing from display to body type that would define the direction of type for the next nearly 200 years.

Specimen of Printing Types (Thorowgood & co ,1840)

Typography

If you check the actual usage in playbills of the time, you will see that it was mixed with fat faces and slab serifs, of course, but also besides the strong blackness of slab serifs,It seems to me that the absence of serifs was used as an economical way to use more spacing between letters and to increase the number of letters while maintaining size with condensing.In fact, Caslon sold sans serifs under the name CONDENCED.

Royal Amphitheatre poster (1831) V&A
Theatre Royal poster (1839) V&A
Theatre Royal poster (1839) V&A

The Problem of Names

It was not until the 20th century that the name sans-serif was clearly used as a design category, especially in the 19th century, when sans-serifs were called differently in different countries. The name Grotesque, which is believed to have been given by Thorogood, became a popular sans-serif name in Germany, where sans-serifs were popular, and later became a representative name for the style through font names such as Aksdens Grotesque, which was derived from the name of the sans-serif.In the United States, sans-serif typefaces of the same period were given the name Gothic, so typefaces with a monoline design Japanese serifs are called Gothic typefaces.In the current classification of sans-serif typefaces, designs with the characteristics of 19th century sans-serif typefaces are called grotesque sans, while streamlined 20th century designs inheriting these characteristics are called neo-grotesque sans.


Past to the future

I thought of a title like “The Hidden Past of Sans serif,” but as if to revise history, I feel some discomfort in seeking the origin of the current sans serif with its fluidity and delicacy via modernism in Caslon IV and John Soane.I would like to be honest here and accept and enjoy the growth of the sans serif, which is definitely a brotherhood with Fat Face and Egyptian, and which has downsized from the extra bold form and developed into the main text.The strangeness of history that makes the story interesting is that the grotesque created by that amateur fann street thorogood, who was that amateur in the rise of sans serif, was succeeded by Aksdens Grotesque in Germany, and HELVETICA, which was influenced by it, became the standard of the present day. Finally, some of the fonts have been revived and digitized in various forms based on the original designs of the time.

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