BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.5

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


THE BRILLIANT WORLD OF WOODTYPE
ウッドタイプの華麗なる世界

「短い言葉」を読ませるためにディスプレイタイプがより太くより単純化して「黒み」を追求するファットフェイスやスラブセリフの方向性へ進むのと平行して、活字の形にさらに視覚的な要素を追加して文字をいかに「目立たせる」かを追求する「装飾」の可能性を探る方向性が存在していました。 もともと文字を装飾することは、古くは聖書の写本のイニシャルといわれる装飾頭文字のカリグラフィーにおけるテクニックや、近代においてもレタリングやサインペインティングなどで育まれてきた文化があり、それがディスプレイタイプの黎明期に活字に取り入れられることとなりました。おりしも産業革命後のヴィクトリア朝時代は、バロックやロココなどの前時代の貴族的な装飾が、機械化による大量生産技術の開発に伴って安価に行き渡る大衆化がおきていて、デザイン史の中でも装飾の特異点と考えられています。そんな猫も杓子も装飾マシマシなモダンデザイン前夜に起きた、活字の装飾について少しのぞいてみたいと思います。

In parallel with the trend toward fat faces and slab serifs, which pursue “blackness” by making display type thicker and simpler in order to make “short words” readable, there was a trend toward exploring the possibilities of “decoration,” which seeks how to make letters “stand out” by adding more visual elements to the typeface form. Originally, the use of decorative letterforms was a technique in calligraphy, where initials in biblical manuscripts were used to decorate letters, and in modern times, lettering and sign painting have been used to decorate letters. This culture was incorporated into type at the dawn of display type.In the Victorian era after the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic decorations of the Baroque and Rococo periods were being popularized at low cost with the development of mass production technology through mechanization, and this period is considered a singular point in the history of design. Let us take a look at the decoration of type on the eve of the modern design era, when all the cats and dogs were decorated.


The Birth of Wood Type

Until the 19th century, metal casting was the basic method of making type in Europe. The metal type was made by engraving the letterforms on a punch, which was then struck into a matrix to make a mold. By using the mold to make reproductions through casting, it is possible to produce identical letters in large quantities. Wooden type, on the other hand, was considered impractical because it could not be mass-produced because it had to be reproduced one by one by hand.In the midst of the Industrial Revolution, when many people were busy trying to come up with new ideas using power, the situation changed when Darius Wells invented the “router,” a woodworking machine, in 1827. The router was powered to sharpen and polish wood, and this mechanization greatly shortened the time required to produce wooden type and enabled mass production. The invention of the “pantograph” in 1834, combined with the router, made it possible to accurately enlarge and reproduce the work at hand, thus creating the conditions for the production of “large type” using wood blocks. The demand for large display type for posters, which Fat Face had pioneered, was steadily increasing, and wood type, which could now be mass-produced at one-tenth the price of metal type, entered the display type market. Wood type entered the display type market. The development of wood-to-metal reproduction techniques, such as dubbing and prototyping, also contributed to the proliferation of display type designs, such as wood type decorations.


Woodtype design

As industry and culture moved from London in the 19th century, the center of the Industrial Revolution, to the United States, the new center of the 20th century, the letters that supported the center of culture also changed form to meet the needs of the times.The 1860s to 1890s, when demand for wood type rapidly increased, was the era of the western frontier, and wood type was deeply engraved in the foundation of American culture as well as the history of the frontier.From the standpoint of type face design, Tuscan and French Clarendon are representative of wood type. Both Tuscan and Clarendon designs themselves originally came from 19th century London. Yes, they are Figgins and Fann Street designs. They have developed in their own way in the United States and are now so closely connected to American culture that the association “Toscan/Clarendon = wood type = good old America” is now established. Elements of the wood type are used in American culture, from western movies to baseball teams.

TUSCAN

Tuscan is a term used to classify those with distinctive decorated serifs or elements. In terms of shape characteristics, it refers to serifs with two or three branches, curved lines that narrow the stem and other straight parts, and decorative features around the center of the base line and ascender line. Since it is often used in wood types, it is sometimes classified synonymously with wood typesFOUR LINE PICA ORNAMENTED from Vincent Figgins’ 1801/1815 catalog is an early Toscan in European type, a Roman-based letterform with overly curved and decorative serifs and a distinctive design with engraved ornamentation inside the letters. .

Specimen of printing types (Vincent Figgins,1821)
specimen of printing types (V&J Figgins,1836)

Wood type in US

The wood type was to further develop in its own unique way in the United States, a new country that had crossed the ocean from Europe.The first wood type Tuscan to appear in the U.S. was made by Edwin Allen in 1838 in his “First Premium Wood types , cut by machinely. The success of the wood type foundry led to the creation of a wide variety of wood types.

ANTIQUE TUSCAN

The design called an antique toscan, was made between 1850 and 1860 and is based on a slab serif, cut with a curved line that narrows the vertical line.

Hamilton’s Wood Type(Hamilton Manufacturing Co,1895)

FRENCH CLARENDON

French ClarendonFrench Clarendon is a design characterized by reverse contrast, in which the contrast between the thickness of the vertical and horizontal lines is reversed from the typical one. The type design of the same period, called Italian with leavers contrast, emphasizes the uniqueness of the thick serifs by making them distinctive, along with slab serifs, etc. A favorite in 19th century America, it is still used today in Westerns, such as WANTED on wanted flyers, and on signs in Westerns and theme parks.

Hamilton’s Wood Type(Hamilton Manufacturing Co,1895)

Wood Type Decoration

More than the design of the form of the letter itself, wood type enables detailed decoration that was not possible with cast type. Woodblock, which is easy to process, is suitable for illustration. Originally, the combination of metal type and woodblock illustration was used in letterpress printing, but with the advent of woodtype, many illustrative decorations were added to the letters and woodcut techniques were brought into the process. The wood type was a combination of type and woodblock illustration.This section introduces Louis John Pouchée’s alphabets, which were highly decorated, and William Hamilton Page’s chromatic wood types, which could be printed in multiple colors.

Hamilton’s Wood Type(Hamilton Manufacturing Co,1895)

Willam Hamilton Page

Willam Hamilton Page was a major figure in 19th-century American wood type design and a highly successful developer of chromatic wood type. Chromatic type is a wood type that allows multi-color printing and has a design that separates the number of colors for overprinting.

Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)
Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)
Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)
Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)
Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)
Specimens of chromatic wood type borders,etc. ( Wm.H.Page & Co.,1874)


Louis John Pouchée

Louis John Pouchée alphabet, considered one of the most beautiful wood types, is the most ornately decorated hand-engraved type of the 1820s. The letterforms are based on the Thorne fat face, but are spectacularly decorated with skillful and lavish ornamentation. The photograph is from the collection of the St. Bride’s Printing Library, London.

ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)
ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)
ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)
ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)
ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)
ORNAMENTED TYPES (I.M.IMPRIMIT,1992)

Woodtype today

Today, as with letterpress, it is no longer used on a large scale, but the warmth of its unique cusps and abundant decoration have been reevaluated in recent years and still attract people today. Many of them are still in existence, and can be found in antique stores selling interior goods in the United States.Various fonts have been digitized, and wood typeface designs can be used in digital fonts. In particular, the Hamilton WoodType Collection (HWT), established in 2012, has revived and digitized many characteristic and classic wood type designs.

デジタルフォント

  • Rosewood

    Modeled after William Page’s chromatic wood type of 1874

    https://www.myfonts.com/collections/rosewood-font-adobe?rfsn=6624885.fabfd2c
  • Zebrawood

    Antique Tuscan based on an 1854 Wells and Webb Type Company sample catalog

  • HWT AMERICAN

    Modeled after William Page’s chromatic wood type of 1874

  • French Clarendon

    French Clelandon based on William Page’s wood type.