BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.2

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


It All Started with Fat Face
全てのはじまりはファットフェイス

大きなサイズの活字をつくる技術をもったロンドンの3つのファウンダリーが新たなマーケットの需要に答えようと新しいデザインを提案してゆく。そのすべての始まりはファットフェイスでした。19世紀のはじめポスターというメディアの登場で大きな活字の需要が生まれ、それに相応しい文字デザインの追求がはじまりました。そして最初に誕生したのが『ファットフェイス』でした。文字の線幅を広くすることを文字を太らせるといいますが、「目立たせる」ということを考えた場合、文字を大きく太くして黒味をあげてゆくことは一番に思いつくはずの単純明快な発想です。ファットフェイスはそれを極限まで追求しました。しかし、まぁここまで無邪気に文字を太らせたことで、当時から賛否両論を呼んだようで、マーケットは喜んで歓迎しましたが、のちの批評家からは美的観点からタイプ史の汚点との批評が今ものこります。とはいえ、このファットフェイスを起点としてディスプレイタイプの需要が明確になり、その後につづく、スラブセリフやサンセリフのデザイン、タイプフェイスを「太さ」という観点で区分してゆくボールドやフォントのファミリー化の流れを生むこととなります。それとともにポスターというメディアの可能性を加速させた功績が消費社会や情報化社会の基礎を育み、現代の豊富なビジュアルコミュニケーションの原点となっていおり、まさにモダンタイプフェイスの誕生のグランドゼロとも呼べる存在です。

Three London foundries with the technology to produce large typeface designs responded to the demands of a new market by offering new designs. It all began with Fat Face, which was born in the early 19th century with the appearance of the poster , which created a demand for large type and the pursuit of suitable letter designs. The first of such designs was the “fat face. When thinking of making letters “more noticeable,” the first thing that comes to mind is the simple and clear idea of making the letters larger and thicker to increase the blackness of the letters. Fat Face has taken this to the extreme. The market welcomed it with open arms, but later critics still consider it a blot on the history of typography from an aesthetic point of view. Nevertheless, the fat face was the starting point for the demand for display type, and it gave rise to the slab serif and sans serif designs that followed, as well as the trend toward bold and font families, in which the typeface was divided into sections based on “thickness”. The achievements that accelerated the possibilities of the poster also laid the foundation for the consumer and information societies, and are the starting point for the wealth of visual communication that we enjoy today.


Design of Fatface

FATFACE is based on the modern Roman design represented by DIDOT and BODONI, and is characterized by the use of thickened lines and extreme contrasts between the lines and the blackness. The serifs are similar to those of modern hairline serifs, but in many cases, the counter portion is made extremely narrow to create a darker line. The FATFACE design is a typeface design style characterized by near-perfectly circular ball terminals and unique numeral designs.


Birth of Fatface

Fatface appeared in the first half of the 19th century and became a very popular type between the 1800s and 1820s, and was widely used in lettering and printing type, especially in London. The originator of the fat face design is attributed to Robert Thorne (1753-1820), and it is said that a design with fat face characteristics first appeared in the 1803 SPECIMEN catalog published by the Fann Street Foundry. The first known surviving example of the fat face design is the Thoron’s. The only known surviving copy of Thorn’s original typeface is found in a specimen catalog published after his death by Thorogood, who had no experience in type foundry, under the name “Five-lines Pica, No. 5”.

New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)

Typograpy

Let’s compare the differences between pre-fat-face and post-fat-face designs to see how fat-face was used in letterpress posters of the time. Pre-Fat Face circus playbills (flyers) use the same typeface with italics and openings to show differences with respect to content. You can see that the contrast, such as differences in thickness, is low and is an extension of the book. On the other hand, in the post-Fat Face design, the contrast between the typefaces is stronger and the blackness and impact of the typeface is overwhelmingly greater.

L:Circus HULL Poster (1805) R:Royal Circus Poster (1815)

Fatface Variation

Before Fat Face, there were no differences in line width in Roman type other than a mild change in thickness as size increased, and variations to make it stand out included italic and open (decorative with inlines in the black of the letters). In fat faces, development by size and thickness, and decorative variations were added in abundance, such as shaded (three-dimensional with shadows) and back-slanted italic (slanted on the opposite side), in addition to italic and open.

New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)
New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)
New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)
Specimen of printing types (Vincent Figgins,1821)

Size Competition

In 1812, Caslon IV improved the production of “large type” with the invention of the sans superior matrix technique. Figgins and Thorn used the same technique, “cast in mold and matrixes,” which increased the productivity of large type and spurred competition. The race to make type thicker and larger continued until around 1820, when it became possible to produce type in wood, and wood type emerged. For reference, the largest size in pre-fat face catalog samples was 6 line Pica, which is 72 pt, or 1 inch, or 2.5 cm in points. The maximum size for a sample from the 1830s, when fatfaces were popular, is 24 line pica, 288 pt, 4 inches, or 10 centimeters in points.

New specimen of printing types (W.Thorowgood & co,1825)

Where is “fat face” today?

The competition to produce larger, thicker type led to the development of various trends, including wood type production technology for efficient production of larger type, and slab serif and sans serif designs as derivatives of the most important events in modern type design that occurred at the same time. Finally, are fat faces still in use? The answer is yes. You probably see letters of this design every day. This is because the design of the letters used on the bills in your wallet fits its characteristics perfectly. To be precise, the lettering on paper money is intaglio engraved rather than cast type, but the design of the U.S. dollar bill in particular (and the English text of the Bank of Japan note, which was based on it) was introduced and designed in earnest in the late 19th century, and many design elements from the Victorian era remain. The design of the letters and Arabic numerals, which are central to the dollar bill, are strongly characterized by the influence of the fat face. The Industrial Revolution and capitalism are the starting point of modern society, and the fact that the fat face is used on a bill, the printed matter that plays a central role in modern society, is symbolic of its starting point, not to mention its thickness and legibility.Finally, the font has been revived and digitized in various forms based on the original design of the time, some of which are introduced below.

  • THROWGOOD

    Thorn’s original design and Throwgood’s later italic design were revived in 1953 and became a digital font under the name

    https://www.myfonts.com/collections/thorowgood-font-linotype?rfsn=6624885.fabfd2c
  • THRONESHADED

    A shaded version, also from Stephenson Blakeb’s revival, is a digital font under the name THORNE SHADED.

    http://moorstation.org/typoasis/designers/steffmann/samples/t/thorne.htm
  • Isambard

    A digital font created by Commercial Type after extensive research of three foundries’ fat faces, including Caslon.

    https://commercialclassics.com/catalogue/isambard/isambard