BIGGER&BOLD TITLE

BIGGER&BOLDER VOL.1

The Cambria Explosion of Modern Typeface

Did the birth of the display typeface revolutionize how letters look? The devices used to make bigger, bolder, “short words” readable have colored the world in rough and sometimes beautiful ways. From fat faces to woodcuts, we now unravel the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces, born at the dawn of the 19th century and buried in the shadows of history.


Three Foundries in London
ロンドンの3つのファウンダリー

If we trace back the current abundance of type design, we find ourselves at a junction of branches. It was London in the early 19th century when the great writer Charles Dickens began to write. It was the center of the Industrial Revolution. It was a center like Silicon Valley in the 21st century, where Apple and Google gathered in the information age, and there were three type foundries whose purpose was to produce “large type”. Their work during this period led to the creation of modern typefaces that would last for the next 200 years, and was a historic turning point that unleashed the possibilities of type design like a Cambrian explosion. This issue is the story of the people behind the creation of these typefaces.

LONDON STREET

Poster were cutting-edge technology

For a generation that handles digital type as if it were air, it is easy to enlarge, shrink, and even transform letters on the screen. So it is necessary to take a step back and consider that the type used for printing was a heavy mass of metal, and the competition for size was the result of a highly developed technology.Let’s stretch our imaginations a bit. Consider that the things we take for granted today would have been nothing more than amazing future technology in a time when such things did not exist. For those who used cell phones with monochrome LCD screens, iPhones were the latest technology. Going further back in time, photography would have been a super advanced technology at a time when there was no way to preserve one’s image except by drawing portraits, and posters that could be reproduced as many times as possible and put up around town were the latest media at a time when handwritten notices were the norm. Yes, advertising posters in the 19th century were the latest means of mass communication, and the printing and type-casting foundries that produced the letters were cutting-edge technology, like today’s tech companies. At that time, the mass market created by the Industrial Revolution and the usefulness of posters for visual communication in that market were beginning to become apparent. And the last technological challenge that was essential to support the demand for new media was “the technology to make large print”.

LONDON STREET Advetisement

Production of larger type

The Caslon Type Foundry, founded by Caslon I, the creator of the typeface CASLON, which is still the standard for Roman serif typefaces today, was the main type foundry in London until the beginning of the 19th century. After Caslon I retired, his son Caslon II succeeded him, and after his death, his widow and her daughter-in-law took over the business, which was a typical family business.Although the production of type larger than body size had begun by the end of the 18th century, it was the Caslon Type Foundry that was the only one equipped with the technology to produce the large type, which was technically difficult. Two important people were working at the Caslon Type Foundry during this period.Joseph Jackson (1733-1792) and Thomas Cottrell (-1785). These two men were technicians who had mastered the basic techniques of this typeface as well as the production of large poster-size type. Later, the two men became independent and established their own foundries. The two foundries were successful in the middle of the 18th century, when the main typeface was still used, but they were faced with the problem of finding successors after their retirement.For those who knew the art of printing in London during the boom years of the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the 19th century, the growing demand for poster-size type and its business potential were of great interest to them, The growing demand for large, poster-size type and its business potential was seen as a tremendous opportunity, similar to that of entrepreneurs in the early days of the Internet. And only a few realized the significance of the technology that lay dormant in these two foundries.


Caslon Foundry

CASLON FOUNDRY
キャスロンファウンダリー

Caslon III and his son Caslon IV

The first to make a move against the succession problems of the foundries was Caslon III, who got into the display-type business by buying the foundry that had been put up for sale after Joseph Jackson’s death in 1792. The business of the main family, the industry leader, was controlled by two women, his mother and his brother’s widow. Whether it was his feelings about this or his daredevil nature, he converted his interest in the family business, Caslon Type Foundry, into gold and created a second Caslon Type Foundry with his name on it. Moreover, the year after its establishment, the company went bankrupt. However, he managed to recover and continued to run the business, and in 1807, he was succeeded by his son, Caslon IV. In 1812, he invented a new casting method called the Sanspirial Matrix, which enabled the production of large-size type. This made the production of large type easier and more elaborate, and brought about a major change in production. In 1816, a new typeface design was introduced under the name “TWO LINES ENGLISH EGYPTIAN,” which became the first sans serif typeface and was to become famous for generations to come.The foundry was sold in 1819 to the Stevenson-Blake Company (then Blake, Garnett & Co.). The original Caslon Foundry was replaced by his son Henry, who ran a solid business dealing in display type from the late 19th to the 20th century. The type division was acquired by Stevenson-Blake, also in 1936.

Vincent Figgins

VINCENT FIGGINS
ヴィンセント・フィギンズ

Figgins combines technical and commercial skills

Young Vincent Figgins, who had worked for Joseph Jackson, who was having succession problems, and who was given major responsibility for the business because of his skills, dreamed of taking over Joseph’s foundry. The foundry was put up for sale after Joseph’s childless death, but the 26-year-old Vincent, a laborer, had no such funds and had to watch as Caslon III took it away with his money. However, with the investment and encouragement of a capitalist man who was a client of Joseph’s, he was able to start his own foundry that same year.In 1815, he made his talent known to the world with his first slab serif, “ANTIQUE”. More over he was the first to take Fat Face and Sans Serif to the big market, leading them to become popular typefaces.After more than 40 years in the business, he passed the business on to his son, who retired in 1836.

Fann Street Foundry

FANN STREET FOUNDRY
ファンストリートファウンダリー

Master Craftsman Thorn and Merchant Thorogood

After the death of Thomas Cotterell, another important figure with succession problems, his foundry was purchased by Robert Thorn, an apprentice who had been developing his skills under him. After moving to Fan Street, the name was changed to Fann Street Foundry. Thorn is known as the creator of the fat face, a display type that made the foundry very successful and wealthy until his death in 1820. After his death, the foundry was auctioned off to a man named William Thorogood, who bought it. In contrast to Thorne’s achievements in type making, Thorogood was initially a complete beginner in the art of type making. He was an amateur with only the ambition of running a foundry with the money he had won in a lottery. But he, also, made a bit of a mark on the history of type. He made Fan Street’s name known with the release of thesans serif typeface and Clarendon, a set of lowercase letters he called “grotesque,” which became a worldwide business smash hit.In 1906, the company was purchased by Stevenson Blake & Co.


The problem of the succession of the two foundries led to a battle between three foundries: Caslon and his son, the descendants of the industry leaders, Figgins, who made a name for himself with his skills, and Funn Street Foundry, which was passed down from the masters to amateurs, and the modern type began to move forward. Typeface design continued to evolve relentlessly until our own time.In the 19th century, copyright and design protection systems were not yet in place as they are today, and the value of “large type” and “product” was more important than the added value of design. The competition for design in this unregulated era was extremely competitive.In an era of unregulated design competition, designs were multiplied through the exchange of imitations, and a wide variety of designs were created at an explosive pace as designs evolved in response to the pure market in the midst of the Industrial Revolution in an environmentally adaptive manner.This led to an explosion of a wide variety of designs, a phenomenon we might call the Cambrian explosion of modern typefaces.In this article, we will explore the origins of the abundance of modern typeface design by reviewing the origins of design during the Industrial Revolution.