FEATURE

Another Face of Blackletter vol.1

何故かポップカルチャーで見かけるブラックレターは、ワルそうでカッコいい。まるで、いまにも揉め事に巻き込まれてしまいそうな不良たちの潔さに似た、クールで物騒な印象を感じ取ってしまう。これはいつ始まったことなんだろう?グーテンベルク聖書やキリスト教会でみる時の厳かな印象とはかけ離れたこのギャップを埋めるべく、HIPHOP、ROCK ,悪魔崇拝からナチスまで、ブラックレターの100年を振り返る。

D in ICE CUBE’s cap

My personal memory of the first time I became aware of the cool shape of a letter of the alphabet was the letter D in the Detroit Tigers logo on the baseball cap worn by ICE CUBE in the movie “Boyz ‘n the Hood” (1991), who looked as ungry face as ever. The decorated letter seemed to be a special symbol in combination with the atmosphere of his role. At that time, N.W.A. guys like Dr. Dre and Eazy-E liked to wear black letter baseball caps, and the images and photos of them wearing baseball caps embroidered with SOX and Compton of the Chicago White Sox and glaring at the gangsta rap scene in L.A. It made an impression. Now, album titles with more exaggerated blacklettering have become the genre’s stereotype, and rapping about money and violence by rappers covered in tattoos has become a requirement for pop culture success. This, too, has its roots in the LA gangsta hip-hop that emerged in the late 80s that underlay it, so let’s unpack this and take a little peek at the relationship between HIPHOP and black letters.

N.W.A.’s Dr. Dre, left, MC Ren, Eazy-E and DJ Yella in Los Angeles, Jan. 26, 1990.Tony Barnard / Los Angeles Times

Gang Style and Mexican Blackletter

LA’s unique local culture is strongly influenced by Mexican culture in terms of place names and cuisine. In Mexico, black letters are extremely popular and can be seen all over town, and many people are probably aware that black letters are used on the country’s representative exports, such as Corona beer and the Cuervo tequila logo, which everyone can imagine as Mexico. The reason for this is related to the fact that the divish colonial rule that lasted for 300 years from the 15th century greatly influenced Mexican culture, and that many of the Mexican people are catholics and form the core of the Mexican culture. They feel a connection to tradition and religious beliefs. The Mexican-American, known as “checano,” art culture includes mural art, in which political and religious messages are painted on murals, low-rider art, in which old American cars are converted and painted, tattoos, and even an art form called PAÑOS, in which jailed gang members paint on bedsheets and handkerchiefs with a pen. There are also art forms that gangsters draw with pens on bed sheets and handkerchiefs. They all share the same stylized decorations and identical motifs, and have developed their own unique ways of expression, in which black lettering is commonly used. The full-body tattoos that we see so often in recent years originated from Chicano tattoos, which began in the 1940s in Chicano gang culture and evolved from those applied to gang members to show their affiliation and loyalty. Religious motifs were favored, and many designs featured black lettering with words that accompanied the religious symbols. Even religious motifs are often used as sacred symbols in Mexico’s unique religious culture, such as the Day of the Dead, where decorated skulls are treated as sacred objects, or in the folk-catholic belief in the God of Death, as in Santa Muerte, where skulls are treated as sacred symbols. It is customary to treat skulls as sacred symbols, and one can sense a kind of ephemeral aesthetics underlying the sense of life from the consciousness of death. It seems natural that these symbols are favored by gangsters who live ephemerally. These Chicano culture influences among the various ethnic groups that share the streets and prisons have taken root as the local gang culture of LA.

Joseph Rodriguez for The New York Times.

From the ghetto to the mainstream

Gangsta rap is a very ambivalent genre, and one that is normally frowned upon by street gangs who are willing to kill people and live on the fringes of the city, but why has it begun to be treated as cool entertainment and beloved pop stars? This is largely due to the power of the media. In the 1980s, L.A. was the center of pop culture, with Hollywood blockbusters and pop songs by Michael Jackson and others doing business in the global marketplace. However, contrary to the dream world depicted by pop music, crack cocaine was prevalent in poor black and Latino neighborhoods in LA, and crimes such as drug trafficking and murder were on the rise. What was happening in the poor neighborhoods was out of step with the main culture, and contrary to the media’s ideal world that seemed to be created by advertisements, racial problems, drugs, unemployment, poverty, and other negative aspects of being a minority were hitting the young people directly. Gangsta rap was gaining popularity by honestly exposing their feelings and emotions.

Then an incident occurs. Shocking footage of a white police officer assaulting a black man was broadcast around the world, and the results of the Rodney King trial, in which the officer was acquitted, triggered the L.A. riots centered on South Central. As the world’s attention turned to L.A., their presence rapping about the reality of what was happening in the black community became impossible to ignore. Dressed in gangster style, they fought with words against the brutality of power and denounced the inversion of justice, and were accepted worldwide as anti-heroes who spoke for the underdog. N.W.A., which produced the now well-known celebrities Dr. Dre and Ice Cube, made a breakthrough, and HipHop superstars such as Snoop Dogg and 2pac were born in rapid succession from the second half of 1980’s, and the West Coast HipHop scene dominated pop culture in the 1990s. With the release of Dr. Dre’s Chronic, the laid-back West Coast rap style known as G-funk became mainstream pop culture, and the words of a corner of L.A.’s ghetto began to influence the entire world. Rapping about the gangsta lifestyle has become first-class entertainment, with black letter tattoos and gangsta fashions dominating MTV in music videos, million-selling CDs with black letter titles and artists’ logos, and the gangsta style that transformed the field from underground to mainstream pop star has now become an essential prerequisite for pop stars. The gangsta style that changed the field from underground to mainstream pop stars has now become an indispensable condition for pop stars. A black letter was always added alongside it.