FEATURE

Another Face of Blackletter vol.4

何故かポップカルチャーで見かけるブラックレターは、ワルそうでカッコいい。まるで、いまにも揉め事に巻き込まれてしまいそうな不良たちの潔さに似た、クールで物騒な印象を感じ取ってしまう。これはいつ始まったことなんだろう?グーテンベルク聖書やキリスト教会でみる時の厳かな印象とはかけ離れたこのギャップを埋めるべく、HIPHOP、ROCK ,悪魔崇拝からナチスまで、ブラックレターの100年を振り返る。

Blackletter and Motorcycle Gangs

The outlaw history of American pop culture can be traced back to bikers.After World War II, as America moved forward into a new era of peace, popular culture tried to push the limits and took various approaches to young people looking for possibilities for a new way of life. The outlaw way of life that transcended the limits strongly attracted young people, and the counterculture, centered on rock music, reached its peak in the 1960s. The images spread by the media, a mixture of truth and fiction, created pop culture. In this context, motorcyclists became iconic outlaws as symbols of freedom and rebellion, and it was the fashion of motorcycle gangs that the New York street gangs of the 70s referred to in the NYC episode. Many motorcycle groups built their identity on denim jackets and leather jackets with their club’s logo on the back. Often you can see black lettering used as the typeface of the logo.In “The Bikeriders” (1967), a book of photographs by Danny Lyon, a New Journalism photographer who actually became a member of the Outlaws motorcycle club in Chicago in the 1960s, traveled with them, and reported their lifestyle. The black letter can be seen in the logo of “Outlaws. Other symbols such as the Iron Cross and other Nazi-derived symbols were also favored by bikers, as can be check here.

The Bikeriders (1967) Danny Lyon

Pop Culture and Bikers

The publication of Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson’s “Hells Angels: The strange and Terrible saga” (1967), a nonfiction portrait of the real-life lifestyle of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang, which had close ties to the counterculture, made the book widely known. Even before that, outlaw biker films were popular as genre films and low-budget exploitation films.

Hells Angels: The strange and Terrible saga (1967)

Outlaw biker films became popular with Marlon Brando’s film “Wild one” (1953), The success of this film led to the mass production of low-budget B-movies, which became genre films with exaggerated images of motorcycles and outlaws. Many were made as low-budget entertainment films for drive-in theaters, and some have become cult films because of their overly caricatured outlaw image.Among them is “The Wild Angels” (1966), a biker movie starring Peter Fonda directed by Roger Coen, the king of B-movies, in which he wears an Iron Cross around his neck and wraps a coffin with a Harkenkreuz flag during the burial scene of his friends. In “Devil’s Angels” (1967), also produced by Coen, the image of outlaw bikers is firmly associated with Nazi symbols, as the bikers party at a hideout decorated with Nazi decorations.

The Wild Angels(1966)

Why do bikers like Nazi symbols?

On a web forum, someone asked, “Why do bikers like to wear Nazi helmets?” One person responded, “After the war, returning soldiers took Nazi helmets as souvenirs to show their bravery in defeating the Nazis, and it became a common symbol among bikers. I see. Other symbols may have taken root in the same way, by expressing a fearless attitude toward the Nazis, or by expressing a fear of the Nazis on an equal level with them. In postwar America, the media often depicted Nazis as evil, and it would be unthinkable to view Nazism in a positive way without standing in the perspective of an outlaw. On the other hand, by viewing the Nazis in a positive way, one can express oneself as an outlaw, which is why the Nazi symbols were used in the films.The image of the biker was further caricatured as a stereotype in B-movies. In any case, it is a fact that bikers like to use Nazi symbols, and it is very likely that the black letter that has taken root in the American out-local culture is of Nazi origin.

Mein Kampf (1943) German language edition reprint(2010)

The Black Letter and the Nazis

Since the many evil acts of the Nazis can be learned in great detail by studying their history, we would like to focus simply on the relationship between the black letter and the Nazis.In German-speaking countries, blackletter has a long history of being used as the basic type of the native language.Blackletter was originally used throughout Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The first letterpress printing of the 15th century, “Gutenberg’s 42-line Bible,” was printed using textured blackletter type.While the rest of the world shifted from blackletter to Latin Roman type after the Renaissance, Germany continued to use the rounded blackletter type called Schwabacher . This typeface was also used in Luther’s Bible and other works of the Reformation.Later, from the 16th century, the typeface Fraktur became the predominant typeface. Fraktur was designed for the woodcut Triumphal Arch in the 16th century and was the first blackletter to be made exclusively for the German language. It remained in use in Germany until the 20th century.In Germany, the “Antica-Fructal Controversy,” a dispute over the superiority of Roman or black lettering, had been going on since the 19th century, and in 1941 the Nazis banned the use of the Schwabach In 1941, the Nazis banned the use of the Schwabach type on the grounds that it was of Jewish origin, thus settling the controversy, and thereafter the Antica type was recommended. The reason is believed to have been that the Nazis, who occupied many parts of Europe, were prevented from using local printing presses that could not be read by the locals and that did not have blackletter type.

blackletter in the Nazi regime in Germany

ring the Nazi regime in Germany, a typeface called Gebrochene Grotesk (sans-serif blackletter), a simplified version of Fraktur that looks like a sans-serif, was actively used. Typical typefaces include Tannenberg, which was designed between the 1910s and 1930s and was often used as a headline typeface for posters and flyers and on signs during the Nazi rise to power in the 1930s, and was also known as “military shoe sans serif” because it was used only briefly during the war.

At the entrance of the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich (1937)

Nazi Symbols

Although not the same as typefaces, logos and symbols may function as well or better than words. Because of their history, the symbols used by the Nazis are now banned in Germany and many other countries from being used in public places. While the letter form itself does not contain content and the emphasis is on the meaning of the words, symbols directly symbolize the meaning they accompany, so measures have been taken to prohibit their use. If you are not sure what the following symbols symbolize, be sure to look them up and learn about their history. Similar images are used in pop culture to represent antagonists and imperialistic imagery in many cases, but you can see how dangerous it can be to deal with images that have been overwritten by pop culture.

Hakenkreuz.

A swastika tilted at 45 degrees. Used on the flag of Nazi Germany.

Totenkopf

Emblem of the armed SS with a skull. Divisional emblem of the 3rd SS Armored Division.

SS

Mark of the Nazi SS, commonly known as the SS. Design of ancient Germanic runes.

Iron Cross

A cross that widens toward the tip. It was used as a decoration.

Adler eagle

National emblem of Nazi Germany with an eagle above the swastika.

White Supremacy and Nazis

The use of symbols of Nazism by neo-Nazis and white supremacist groups, which has recently been picked up and revived in the American media, can be seen as a caricatured and detoxified symbol in pop culture, or it can be used in a way that is close to its original meaning. It also appears to be used in a way that is close to its original meaning. While it is tempting to dismiss the use of nazism as a manifestation of a devious taste, one seriously wonders if the path taken by a president who uses the media like a reality show is that of a dictatorship. The media is like a mirror of society, but it is also a dramatization of the times. Graphic design and TV programs could seriously consider the images that are becoming more and more distanced from their original meanings as they manipulate symbols as caryatrized stereotypes. In the post-truth era, the boundary between anti-hero and hero seems to be disappearing.

Finally

The thick stem and angular shape of black lettering evoke an image of masculine strength and unshakable will. On the other hand, it also has a sublime image that is both supple and decorative. When combined with the cultural context, these original images take on another special meaning, which is passed on and changed with the times. Since most of the topics of type are ancient, in order to deal with living type, I started with a personal question and began by looking around recent culture and society with type at the center of my research. It has been an interesting and thought-provoking experience to trace the history of the expression of cultural rebellion. The “things” cannot be organized into a single trend, but by looking through the ages, we may be able to get some kind of overall picture.